Animal Skulls: A Guide to North American Species by Mark Elbroch

Author:Mark Elbroch
Language: eng
Format: mobi
ISBN: 9780811742412
Publisher: Stackpole Books
Published: 2006-11-21T06:00:00+00:00

Ventral: The relatively broad palate (11) terminates well beyond the posterior molars and has a small projection (12) extending over the pterygoid region; the incisive foramina (13) are shorter than in woodrats, wider, and tapering slightly toward the anterior; their posterior edges (14) are forward of the toothrows. The pterygoid region (15) is narrow, and the pterygoid processes (16) are relatively long. The spheno-pterygoid canals (17) are small and oval; the foramina ovale (18)are wide. Auditory bullae (19) are medium and inflated. The foramen magnum (20) is medium, with fairly stout occipital condyles (21). Toothrows are short and roughly parallel; the largest of three teeth is at the anterior, descending in size to posterior. The toothrows have two longitudinal rows of cusps (37).

Lateral: The dorsolateral outline slopes up from the posterior to the apex (22) above the zygomatic plate, and then down more steeply to the tips of the nasals; it is more level in black rats. The nasals (23) extend beyond the premaxillaries (24) and incisors. The infraorbital foramen (27) is slitlike and high on the rostrum. Zygomatic arches (25) are low; zygomatic plates (26) are angled at approximately 35 degrees. The auditory meatus (28) is low and large. The incisors (29) are recurved; the diastema (30) is very wide.

Mandible: The mandible is long and curved; the ramus region is large. The coronoid process (31) is shorter, slender, tapering, and curved strongly to the posterior. The condyloid process (32) is long and broad, pointing to the posterior at nearly 45 degrees; the condyle (33) sits below the tip of the coronoid. The angular process (34) is well developed, tapers, and points to the posterior; there is a ventral step (35) from the body of the mandible to the sloping angular process below the posterior teeth. There is a steep drop (36) from the anterior of the cheek teeth into the diastema.

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